Appendix
SpikingTCN — Rate Encoding
Raster — first 100 neurons
SpikingTCN rate raster (first 100 neurons)
Temporal spiking pattern under rate encoding.
Neuron firing rate distribution
SpikingTCN rate histogram of firing rates
Many neurons remain near-silent, with an active subset carrying most events.

Observation: rate encoding tends to spread activity over timesteps; sparsity is driven by threshold and β.

SpikingTCN — Latency Encoding
Raster — first 100 neurons
SpikingTCN latency raster (first 100 neurons)
Spike timing concentrates early/late depending on stimulus intensity.
Neuron firing rate distribution
SpikingTCN latency histogram of firing rates
Latency encoding often yields one-spike-per-neuron behaviour, broadening the rate distribution.

Observation: latency uses timing to encode magnitude; useful for strict temporal cues.

SpikingTCN — Delta (On/Off) Encoding
Raster — first 100 neurons
SpikingTCN delta raster (first 100 neurons)
Spikes occur on signal changes (on/off), highlighting transitions.
Neuron firing rate distribution
SpikingTCN delta histogram of firing rates
Highly sparse for flat segments; bursts when the signal changes rapidly.

Observation: delta encoding is naturally event-driven; ideal when changes carry most information.